AHMADĪYAH MOVEMENT, started in the late nineteenth century as a reforming and rejuvenating current in Islam, originated in Qādīāṅ in Gurdāspur district of the Punjab. In the 1880's, Mirzā Ghulām Ahmad, son of the chief land-owning family of Qādīāṅ, after he had received revelations and preached a renewal of Islamic faith, began to draw followers. Although he had been educated traditionally by tutors in Qur'ān and hadīth, Ahmad had been sent to Siālkoṭ by his father to serve his apprenticeship as a law clerk and to train for the legal profession. Unsuccessful in his work and while becoming increasingly religious, Ahmad came in contact with Christian missionaries and became convinced that they posed a threat to Islam. Following the advent of the Ārya Samāj in the Punjab in 1877, Ghulām Ahmad also realized the threat posed by renascent militant Hinduism.
㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀匀瀀甀爀爀攀搀 戀礀 愀 挀漀洀洀椀琀洀攀渀琀 琀漀 䤀猀氀愀洀 爀攀椀渀昀漀爀挀攀搀 戀礀 爀攀瘀攀氀愀琀漀爀礀 攀砀瀀攀爀椀攀渀挀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 愀眀愀爀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 最爀漀眀椀渀最 琀栀爀攀愀琀 瀀漀猀攀搀 戀礀 䌀栀爀椀猀琀椀愀渀椀琀礀 愀渀搀 䠀椀渀搀甀椀猀洀Ⰰ 䴀椀爀稀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 㰀甀㸀䜀栀㰀⼀甀㸀甀氀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀洀 䄀栀洀愀搀Ⰰ 椀渀 㠀㠀 Ⰰ 愀琀 琀栀攀 愀最攀 漀昀 㐀 Ⰰ 戀攀最愀渀 琀漀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀 愀 昀漀甀爀ⴀ瘀漀氀甀洀攀 眀漀爀欀Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀䈀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀渀ⴀ椀ⴀ䄀栀洀愀搀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀礀愀栀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 椀渀 眀栀椀挀栀 栀攀 愀琀琀攀洀瀀琀攀搀 琀漀 爀攀昀甀琀攀 琀栀攀 挀氀愀椀洀猀 漀昀 猀攀瘀攀爀愀氀 䠀椀渀搀甀 爀攀昀漀爀洀 洀漀瘀攀洀攀渀琀猀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀礀 眀攀爀攀 猀甀瀀攀爀椀漀爀 琀漀 䤀猀氀愀洀⸀ 䤀渀 㠀㠀㤀Ⰰ 栀攀 瀀攀爀洀椀琀琀攀搀 栀椀猀 昀漀氀氀漀眀攀爀猀 琀漀 洀愀欀攀 㰀椀㸀戀愀礀✀愀琀㰀⼀椀㸀 漀爀 挀漀渀昀椀爀洀 琀栀攀椀爀 愀氀氀攀最椀愀渀挀攀 琀漀 栀椀洀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 㰀椀㸀戀愀礀✀愀琀㰀⼀椀㸀 眀愀猀 渀漀琀 琀栀攀 欀椀渀搀 洀愀搀攀 戀礀 匀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀昀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀猀 椀渀 樀漀椀渀椀渀最 愀 㰀椀㸀琀愀爀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀焀愀栀㰀⼀椀㸀 漀爀 漀爀搀攀爀 戀甀琀 爀愀琀栀攀爀 洀漀爀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 琀爀愀搀椀琀椀漀渀愀氀 䤀猀氀愀洀椀挀 挀漀洀洀椀琀洀攀渀琀 洀愀搀攀 琀漀 愀 㰀椀㸀㰀甀㸀欀栀㰀⼀甀㸀愀氀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀昀愀栀⸀ 㰀⼀椀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀIn 1891, Ghulām Ahmad claimed to be the masīh maw'ūd (Promised Messiah) and mahdī of the Muslims. While the former claim was sufficient to bring the wrath of Muslim 'ulamā or religious scholars down on him, the latter claim was explicitly offensive to most Muslims. The mahdī usually understood by Muslims to be Jesus Christ, is the figure who will come at the end of time to establish the kingdom of God on earth. Ahmad's claim to be the mahdī stemmed from his theory that he was the successor to Jesus. This involved an elaborate explanation proving that Jesus was not in heaven, as taught by Islam, but that on being taken off the cross, Jesus had been treated with a miraculous ointment and cured of his wounds. He had then escaped, wandering eastward, coming finally to Kashmīr. There he ministered to the lost tribes of Israel, until his death at the age of 120. Ghulām Ahmad demonstrated in his book, Masīh Hindustān Meṅ, that he had located Jesus' grave on Khān Yār Street in Srīnagar.
㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀䈀礀 瀀爀漀瘀椀渀最 琀栀愀琀 䨀攀猀甀猀 栀愀搀 搀椀攀搀 愀 渀愀琀甀爀愀氀 搀攀愀琀栀Ⰰ 㰀甀㸀䜀栀㰀⼀甀㸀甀氀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀洀 䄀栀洀愀搀 戀攀氀椀攀瘀攀搀 栀攀 栀愀搀 瀀爀漀瘀攀搀 栀椀猀 挀氀愀椀洀猀 琀漀 戀攀 㰀椀㸀洀愀栀搀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀㰀⼀椀㸀 愀渀搀 瀀爀漀洀椀猀攀搀 䴀攀猀猀椀愀栀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䴀甀猀氀椀洀猀⸀ 吀栀爀漀甀最栀 栀椀猀 眀爀椀琀椀渀最猀 椀渀 唀爀搀甀 愀渀搀 䄀爀愀戀椀挀 愀猀 眀攀氀氀 愀猀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 栀椀猀 瀀爀攀愀挀栀椀渀最 椀渀 琀栀攀 倀甀渀樀愀戀椀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀Ⰰ 䄀栀洀愀搀 眀漀渀 猀漀洀攀 琀栀漀甀猀愀渀搀猀 漀昀 昀漀氀氀漀眀攀爀猀 搀甀爀椀渀最 栀椀猀 氀椀昀攀琀椀洀攀⸀ 䤀渀 㠀㤀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 䄀栀洀愀搀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀礀愀栀 㰀椀㸀樀愀氀猀愀栀㰀⼀椀㸀 漀爀 愀渀渀甀愀氀 挀漀洀洀甀渀椀琀礀 最愀琀栀攀爀椀渀最 眀愀猀 栀攀氀搀 愀琀 儀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀搀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 洀攀攀琀椀渀最 栀愀猀 戀攀攀渀 栀攀氀搀 愀渀渀甀愀氀氀礀 搀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 氀愀猀琀 眀攀攀欀 漀昀 䐀攀挀攀洀戀攀爀 攀瘀攀爀 猀椀渀挀攀Ⰰ 琀栀漀甀最栀 猀椀渀挀攀 瀀愀爀琀椀琀椀漀渀 椀琀 椀猀 愀氀猀漀 栀攀氀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 渀攀眀 椀渀琀攀爀渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 栀攀愀搀焀甀愀爀琀攀爀猀 愀琀 刀愀戀眀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀 渀攀愀爀 䌀栀椀渀椀漀☀⌀㜀㜀㠀㤀Ⰰ 圀攀猀琀 倀甀渀樀愀戀Ⰰ 倀愀欀椀猀琀愀渀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀWhile Ahmad's forthright stand against Hindus and Christians at first won him the admiration of certain Islamic sects, his claims to a kind of prophethood and his call for jīhād by missionary effort rather than by militant activity brought on him the wrath of both Shīāh and Sunnī religious leaders. His right to prophecy was also challenged in court. He had also prophesied that the wrath of God would fall upon his enemies. When Paṇḍit Lekh Rām, the militant Ārya Samājist, was murdered by a Lahore Muslim in 1897, two years before the awful death predicted for him by Ghulām Ahmad, communal controversy in Lahore reached an unprecedented level for those times.
㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀䴀椀爀稀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 㰀甀㸀䜀栀㰀⼀甀㸀甀氀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀洀 䄀栀洀愀搀✀猀 昀椀爀猀琀 椀渀琀攀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀 挀漀洀洀甀渀椀琀礀 漀挀挀甀爀爀攀搀 椀渀 㠀㤀㔀 愀琀 琀栀攀 栀攀椀最栀琀 漀昀 栀椀猀 挀漀渀琀爀漀瘀攀爀猀礀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 ☀⌀㈀㔀㘀爀礀愀 匀愀洀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀樀⸀ 䄀昀琀攀爀 猀琀甀搀礀椀渀最 匀眀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀洀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䐀愀礀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀愀渀搀✀猀 㰀椀㸀匀愀琀礀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀琀栀 倀爀愀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀猀栀㰀⼀椀㸀 ⠀吀栀攀 䰀椀最栀琀 漀昀 吀爀甀琀栀⤀Ⰰ 椀渀 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀 匀眀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀洀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 栀愀搀 愀琀琀愀挀欀攀搀 攀瘀攀爀礀 漀琀栀攀爀 爀攀氀椀最椀漀渀 椀渀挀氀甀搀椀渀最 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀Ⰰ 䄀栀洀愀搀Ⰰ 琀栀漀甀最栀 栀攀 栀愀搀 渀漀琀 栀攀愀爀搀 漀昀 愀渀礀 匀椀欀栀 爀攀猀瀀漀渀猀攀猀 琀漀 琀栀攀猀攀 愀琀琀愀挀欀猀Ⰰ 搀攀挀椀搀攀搀 琀漀 琀愀欀攀 甀瀀 ∀琀栀攀 挀甀搀最攀氀猀 愀最愀椀渀猀琀 䐀愀礀愀渀愀渀搀 琀漀 瀀爀漀琀攀挀琀 琀栀攀 栀漀渀漀甀爀 漀昀 一愀渀愀欀Ⰰ ∀ 愀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最 琀漀 䄀栀洀愀搀✀猀 戀椀漀最爀愀瀀栀攀爀Ⰰ 䄀戀搀甀爀 刀愀栀洀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀 䐀愀爀搀⸀ 䤀琀 眀愀猀 琀栀甀猀 琀栀愀琀 䄀栀洀愀搀 戀攀最愀渀 愀 眀漀爀欀 椀渀 唀爀搀甀 漀渀 琀栀攀 氀椀昀攀 漀昀 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ 一☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀愀欀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 渀漀琀 漀渀氀礀 猀漀甀最栀琀 琀漀 愀渀猀眀攀爀 䐀愀礀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀愀渀搀✀猀 挀栀愀爀最攀猀 愀最愀椀渀猀琀 匀椀欀栀椀猀洀 戀甀琀 愀氀猀漀 愀琀琀攀洀瀀琀攀搀 琀漀 猀攀瀀愀爀愀琀攀 氀攀最攀渀搀 昀爀漀洀 欀渀漀眀渀 昀愀挀琀猀 愀戀漀甀琀 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ 一☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀愀欀⸀ 䄀栀洀愀搀✀猀 甀氀琀椀洀愀琀攀 愀椀洀 椀渀 琀栀椀猀 猀琀甀搀礀 眀愀猀 琀漀 眀椀渀 漀瘀攀爀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀 琀漀 䤀猀氀愀洀 愀渀搀 琀漀 挀漀渀瘀椀渀挀攀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀 琀栀愀琀 栀攀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀洀椀猀攀搀 䴀攀猀猀椀愀栀 戀礀 瀀爀漀瘀椀渀最 琀栀愀琀 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ 一☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀愀欀 栀愀搀 戀攀攀渀 愀 䴀甀猀氀椀洀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀSikh scholars answered the claims of Mirzā Ghulām Ahmad and refuted his arguments about Gurū Nānak. Bhārat Sudhār, an Ārya Samāj journal published at Lahore, sought a rapprochement with the Sikhs by attacking Ahmad.
㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀匀椀渀挀攀 琀栀攀 瀀愀爀琀椀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 倀甀渀樀愀戀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 瀀爀椀渀挀椀瀀愀氀 猀攀愀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䄀栀洀愀搀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀礀愀栀 洀漀瘀攀洀攀渀琀 栀愀猀 洀漀瘀攀搀 琀漀 刀愀戀眀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀Ⰰ 倀愀欀椀猀琀愀渀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 漀渀氀礀 愀 琀漀欀攀渀 猀琀愀昀昀 爀攀洀愀椀渀椀渀最 琀漀 挀愀爀攀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 漀爀椀最椀渀愀氀 猀栀爀椀渀攀猀 愀渀搀 戀甀椀氀搀椀渀最猀 漀昀 儀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀搀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀Ⰰ 渀漀眀 猀椀琀甀愀琀攀搀 愀 昀攀眀 洀椀氀攀猀 漀渀 琀栀攀 䤀渀搀椀愀渀 猀椀搀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 戀漀爀搀攀爀⸀ 䤀渀 倀愀欀椀猀琀愀渀 琀栀攀 䄀栀洀愀搀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀礀愀栀猀 栀愀瘀攀 猀椀渀挀攀 戀攀攀渀 搀攀挀氀愀爀攀搀 愀 栀攀爀攀琀椀挀Ⰰ 渀漀渀ⴀ䴀甀猀氀椀洀 猀攀挀琀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ 㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䈀䤀䈀∀㸀ഀഀ BIBLIOGRAPHYSpencer Lavan